The research behind the app
Every lesson in Conversetta rests on research, described in our own words. This is the one place where we name the studies.
How we use research
- Strong evidence
- Many studies agree.
- Promising evidence
- Good studies, but fewer of them.
- Expert practice
- Widely used by coaches and practitioners, not directly tested.
Nothing that failed replication is taught.
By direction
Warm-up
Getting started
- Boothby, Cooney, Sandstrom & Clark (2018). The liking gap in conversations: Do people like us more than we think? Psychological Science. Strong evidence
- Gollwitzer & Sheeran (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Strong evidence
- Sheeran, Listrom & Gollwitzer (2025). The when and how of planning: Meta-analysis of the scope and components of implementation intentions in 642 tests. European Review of Social Psychology. Strong evidence
You're Better Company Than You Think
Confidence mindset
- Boothby, Cooney, Sandstrom & Clark (2018). The liking gap in conversations: Do people like us more than we think? Psychological Science. Strong evidence
- Mor & Winquist (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Strong evidence
- Wells, Clark, Salkovskis, Ludgate, Hackmann & Gelder (1995). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy. Strong evidence
- McManus, Sacadura & Clark (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. Strong evidence
- Mayo-Wilson, Dias, Mavranezouli, Kew, Clark, Ades & Pilling (2014). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. Strong evidence
- Stinson, Cameron, Wood, Gaucher & Holmes (2009). Deconstructing the "reign of error": Interpersonal warmth explains the self-fulfilling prophecy of anticipated acceptance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Promising evidence
- Kardas, Kumar & Epley (2022). Overly shallow?: Miscalibrated expectations create a barrier to deeper conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Strong evidence
Opening Lines
Starting conversations
Curious Questions
Asking
Listening That Lands
Listening
- Arican-Dinc & Gable (2023). Responsiveness in romantic partners' interactions. Current Opinion in Psychology. Strong evidence
- Gable, Reis, Impett & Asher (2004). What do you do when things go right? The intrapersonal and interpersonal benefits of sharing positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Promising evidence
- Beukeboom & Pollmann (2021). Partner phubbing: Why using your phone during interactions with your partner can be detrimental for your relationship. Computers in Human Behavior. Promising evidence
- Denecker, Frackowiak, Perneel, Vanden Abeele, Ponnet & De Marez (2024). A dyadic multimethod study of "partner phubbing", smartphone conflict, and relationship quality in opposite-sex couples from Belgium. Current Psychology. Promising evidence
Share a Little, Ask a Little
Depth
- Sprecher, Treger, Wondra, Hilaire & Wallpe (2013). Taking turns: Reciprocal self-disclosure promotes liking in initial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Promising evidence
- Collins & Miller (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin. Strong evidence
- Kardas, Kumar & Epley (2022). Overly shallow?: Miscalibrated expectations create a barrier to deeper conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Strong evidence
- Hart, VanEpps & Schweitzer (2021). The (better than expected) consequences of asking sensitive questions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Promising evidence
Awkward Is Normal
Resilience
- Bruk, Scholl & Bless (2018). Beautiful mess effect: Self–other differences in evaluation of showing vulnerability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Promising evidence
- Bruk, Scholl & Bless (2022). You and I both: Self-compassion reduces self–other differences in evaluation of showing vulnerability. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Promising evidence
- Liu, Liu, Chang & Pan (2025). Vulnerability in high-performing newcomers: Weighing benefits and drawbacks in the socialization process. Human Relations. Promising evidence
- Mor & Winquist (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Strong evidence
- Wells, Clark, Salkovskis, Ludgate, Hackmann & Gelder (1995). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy. Strong evidence
- McManus, Sacadura & Clark (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. Strong evidence
- Mayo-Wilson, Dias, Mavranezouli, Kew, Clark, Ades & Pilling (2014). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. Strong evidence
- Yeomans, Minson, Collins, Chen & Gino (2020). Conversational receptiveness: Improving engagement with opposing views. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Promising evidence
Stories That Land
Charisma
- Tskhay, Zhu, Zou & Rule (2018). Charisma in everyday life: Conceptualization and validation of the General Charisma Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Strong evidence
- Antonakis, Fenley & Liechti (2011). Can charisma be taught? Tests of two interventions. Academy of Management Learning & Education. Promising evidence
- Ranehill, Dreber, Johannesson, Leiberg, Sul & Weber (2015). Assessing the robustness of power posing: No effect on hormones and risk tolerance in a large sample of men and women. Psychological Science. Promising evidence
- Gronau, van Erp, Heck, Cesario, Jonas & Wagenmakers (2017). A Bayesian model-averaged meta-analysis of the power pose effect with informed and default priors: The case of felt power. Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology. Promising evidence
- Boothby & Bohns (2021). Why a simple act of kindness is not as simple as it seems: Underestimating the positive impact of our compliments on others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Promising evidence
First Dates
Dating
- Eastwick & Finkel (2008). Sex differences in mate preferences revisited: Do people know what they initially desire in a romantic partner? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Promising evidence
- Eastwick, Joel, Carswell, Molden, Finkel & Blozis (2023). Predicting romantic interest during early relationship development: A preregistered investigation using machine learning. European Journal of Personality. Promising evidence
- Eastwick, Sparks, Finkel, Meza et al. (2025). A worldwide test of the predictive validity of ideal partner preference matching. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Promising evidence
- Boothby, Cooney, Sandstrom & Clark (2018). The liking gap in conversations: Do people like us more than we think? Psychological Science. Strong evidence
- Kardas, Kumar & Epley (2022). Overly shallow?: Miscalibrated expectations create a barrier to deeper conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Strong evidence
- Huang, Yeomans, Brooks, Minson & Gino (2017). It doesn't hurt to ask: Question-asking increases liking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Promising evidence
- Sprecher, Treger, Wondra, Hilaire & Wallpe (2013). Taking turns: Reciprocal self-disclosure promotes liking in initial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Promising evidence
- Collins & Miller (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin. Strong evidence
- Boothby & Bohns (2021). Why a simple act of kindness is not as simple as it seems: Underestimating the positive impact of our compliments on others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Promising evidence
- Stinson, Cameron, Wood, Gaucher & Holmes (2009). Deconstructing the "reign of error": Interpersonal warmth explains the self-fulfilling prophecy of anticipated acceptance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Promising evidence
Talking to Strangers
New people
- Epley & Schroeder (2014). Mistakenly seeking solitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Promising evidence
- Boothby, Cooney, Sandstrom & Clark (2018). The liking gap in conversations: Do people like us more than we think? Psychological Science. Strong evidence
- Boothby & Bohns (2021). Why a simple act of kindness is not as simple as it seems: Underestimating the positive impact of our compliments on others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Promising evidence
- Stinson, Cameron, Wood, Gaucher & Holmes (2009). Deconstructing the "reign of error": Interpersonal warmth explains the self-fulfilling prophecy of anticipated acceptance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Promising evidence
- Kardas, Kumar & Epley (2022). Overly shallow?: Miscalibrated expectations create a barrier to deeper conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Strong evidence
- Mor & Winquist (2002). Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Strong evidence
- Wells, Clark, Salkovskis, Ludgate, Hackmann & Gelder (1995). Social phobia: The role of in-situation safety behaviors in maintaining anxiety and negative beliefs. Behavior Therapy. Strong evidence
- McManus, Sacadura & Clark (2008). Why social anxiety persists: An experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. Strong evidence
- Mayo-Wilson, Dias, Mavranezouli, Kew, Clark, Ades & Pilling (2014). Psychological and pharmacological interventions for social anxiety disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. Strong evidence
Expert practice
Some lessons also use ideas that practitioners rely on but research hasn't tested directly:
- Preparing a few topics before a social event helps, and isn't inauthentic.
- Keep a hello easy to turn down: brief where someone can't easily walk away, and a warm exit when the replies stay short.
- Listening that others notice is responsive and said out loud, not silent eye contact.
What research can't tell you
- Most studies come from North America and Europe, so results may differ in other cultures.
- The effects are real but modest; these are improvements, not transformations.
- Much relationship research shows links, not proven causes.
- Research can describe relationships, but it can't predict yours.
- Most findings rely on people describing themselves.
- This is practice, not therapy. Some things need a professional — resources are always in the app.
- Structured programme studies show bigger effects than everyday-life studies; we don't mix the two.
- When behaviour is measured objectively, effects often look smaller.
- Positive results get published more often than null results.
- An app only helps if it's used: regular practice matters more than any single tip.
Our advisors
Our scientific and clinical advisors will be named here once their contracts are in place.